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Spezielle Themen
Omega-3-Index
Der Omega-3-Index ist ein neuer Risikofaktor für kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse. Zahlreiche epidemiologische Arbeiten
haben gezeigt, dass eine fischreiche Ernährung wegen des hohen Gehaltes an Omega-3-Fettsäuren das Auftreten von
kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen reduzieren kann.
[...]
Täglicher Bedarf oder der richtige Omega-3-Index?
Verschiedene Fachgesellschaften empfehlen unterschiedliche Omega-3-Fettsäuren. Für den täglichen Bedarf wurden zwischen 200 mg und 3,8 g / Tag oder 0.8 – 2 Energieprozent genannt. Dies zeigt Uneinigkeit der Fachgesellschaften und führt zu Unsicherheit beim interessierten Verbraucher. Eine neuere Sicht stellt dem täglichen Bedarf wünschenswerte Spiegel von Omega-3-Fettsäuren im Menschen entgegen, die als Omega-3-Index erfasst werden (Anteil Eicosapentaen- plus Docosahexaensäure in roten Blutkörperchen.
[...]
Omega-3-Fettsäuren im Herz-Kreislaufsystem
In beobachtenden Studien, wie sie von Epidemiologen durchgeführt werden, scheint Verzehr von Fisch schwach mit der Abwesenheit von Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen korreliert zu sein. Wird der Gehalt des verzehrten Fisches an Eicosapentaen- und Docosahexaensäure mit betrachtet, wird diese Korrelation stärker. Am deutlichsten wird das Bild, wenn der Omega-3-Index betrachtet wird. Ein Omega-3-Index von < 4% bedeutet ein etwa 10-fach höheres Risiko, den plötzlichen Herztod zu erleiden, als ein Omega-3-Index von > 8% . In der Allgemeinbevölkerung ist der plötzliche Herztod je nach Omega-3-Index sehr unterschiedlich häufig: In Deutschland, wo man häufig einen Omega-3-Index um 4 % misst, beträgt die Inzidenz des plötzlichen Herztodes 148/100 000, während sie in Japan, wo der Omega-3-Index wohl um 11 % liegt, 7.8/100 000 Personenjahre beträgt. Für nicht-tödliche Herzkreislauferkrankungen gilt eine ähnliche, aber schwächere Korrelation.
[...]
Wirkmechanismen [Bearbeiten]
Eicosapentaen- und Docosahexaensäure sind Bestandteile der Zellmembranen und wirken modulierend auf die Funktion verschiedenster Zellen. Deswegen gibt es nicht einen einzigen Wirkmechanismus dieser beiden omega-3 Fettsäuren sondern verschiedenste. Alpha-Linolensäure wird nur in einem geringen Maße in die Zellmembranen eingebaut, und hat kaum Wirkungen. In Untersuchungen am Menschen wurden folgende Wirkmechanismen für Eicosapentaen- und Docosahexaensäure nachgewiesen.:
- sie wirken anti-arrhythmisch (beugen Herzrhythmusstörungen vor), sowohl auf Ebene des Vorhofes wie der Herzkammer
- sie stabilisieren instabile Gefäßbezirke, die sonst Herzinfarkte verursachen („instabile Plaques“)
- sie verlangsamen das Voranschreiten von Veränderungen der Herzkranzgefäße
- sie senken Blutfette (Triglyceride)
zahlreiche weitere positive Wirkungen auf Gefäßfunktion, Blutdruck, Entzündungsmediatoren uvam
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